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Where Was Sacagawea Born Sacagawea as a Baby

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Native American explorer

This article is near the Native American woman. For the Hewlett-Packard processor, encounter HP Sacajawea. For the coin, run into Sacagawea dollar.

Sacagawea
Detail Lewis & Clark at Three Forks.jpg

Sacagawea (right) with Lewis and Clark at the Three Forks, mural at Montana House of Representatives
Born May 1788

Lemhi River Valley,
near present-day Salmon, Idaho
Died Dec 20, 1812 (aged 24) or April 9, 1884 (anile 95)

Kenel, South Dakota or Wyoming
Nationality Lemhi Shoshone
Other names Sakakawea, Sacajawea
Known for Accompanied the Lewis and Clark Trek
Spouse(s) Toussaint Charbonneau
Children
  • Jean Baptiste Charbonneau
  • Lisette Charbonneau

Sacagawea ( or ;[1] also spelled Sakakawea or Sacajawea; May c.  1788 – December 20, 1812 or April nine, 1884)[ii] [3] [4] was a Lemhi Shoshone woman who, at age 16, helped the Lewis and Clark Trek in achieving their chartered mission objectives by exploring the Louisiana Territory. Sacagawea traveled with the expedition thousands of miles from North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean, helping to establish cultural contacts with Native American populations and contributing to the expedition's knowledge of natural history in different regions.

The National American Adult female Suffrage Association of the early on 20th century adopted her as a symbol of women's worth and independence, erecting several statues and plaques in her retentiveness, and doing much to recount her accomplishments.[five]

Early life

Reliable historical data well-nigh Sacagawea is very limited. She was built-in c.  1788 into the Agaidika ('Salmon Eater', aka Lemhi Shoshone) tribe nigh nowadays-mean solar day Salmon, Lemhi County, Idaho. This is near the continental dissever at the present-day Idaho-Montana border.[6]

In 1800, when she was about 12 years old, Sacagawea and several other girls were taken convict by a group of Hidatsa in a raid that resulted in the deaths of several Shoshone: iv men, four women, and several boys. She was held captive at a Hidatsa village near present-solar day Washburn, North Dakota.[7]

At nearly age xiii, she was sold into a non-consensual marriage to Toussaint Charbonneau, a Quebecois trapper who almost two decades earlier had lived in the Hidatsa village. He had too bought another young Shoshone, known every bit Otter Woman, for a married woman. Charbonneau was variously reported to have purchased both girls from the Hidatsa, or to have won Sacagawea while gambling.[seven]

Lewis and Clark Expedition

The Corps of Discovery arrived about the Hidatsa villages. They settled near a Mandan village, where Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark built Fort Mandan for wintering over in 1804–05. They interviewed several trappers who might be able to interpret or guide the expedition upwards the Missouri River in the springtime. Knowing they would need the help of Shoshone tribes who lived at the headwaters of the Missouri, they agreed to hire Toussaint Charbonneau afterwards learning that his wife, Sacagawea, spoke Shoshone. She was pregnant with her first child at the time.

On November 4, 1804, Clark recorded in his journal:[8] [a]

[A] french man by Name Chabonah, who Speaks the Big Belley language visit us, he wished to hire & informed united states of america his ii Squars (squaws) were Serpent Indians, we engau (engaged) him to go along with us and take one of his wives to interpret the Serpent language.…

Charbonneau and Sacagawea moved into the expedition'southward fort a week afterward. Clark nicknamed her "Janey."[b] Lewis recorded the birth of Jean Baptiste Charbonneau on February 11, 1805, noting that some other of the party's interpreters administered crushed rattlesnake rattles in water to speed the commitment. Clark and other European-Americans nicknamed the male child "Little Pomp" or "Pompy."

In Apr, the expedition left Fort Mandan and headed up the Missouri River in pirogues. They had to exist poled confronting the electric current and sometimes pulled by crew forth the riverbanks. On May 14, 1805, Sacagawea rescued items that had fallen out of a capsized gunkhole, including the journals and records of Lewis and Clark. The corps commanders, who praised her quick action, named the Sacagawea River in her honor on May xx, 1805. By August 1805, the corps had located a Shoshone tribe and was attempting to merchandise for horses to cross the Rocky Mountains. They used Sacagawea to interpret and discovered that the tribe'southward primary, Cameahwait, was her brother.

Lewis and Clark attain the Shoshone camp led by Sacagawea.

Lewis recorded their reunion in his journal:[ten]

Shortly after Capt. Clark arrived with the Interpreter Charbono, and the Indian woman, who proved to exist a sister of the Chief Cameahwait. The coming together of those people was really affecting, especially between Sah cah-gar-we-ah and an Indian woman, who had been taken prisoner at the same fourth dimension with her, and who had afterwards escaped from the Minnetares and rejoined her nation.

And Clark in his:[11]

…The Intertrepeter [sic] & Squar who were before me at Some distance danced for the blithesome Sight, and She made signs to me that they were her nation…

The Shoshone agreed to barter horses to the group and to provide guides to lead them over the common cold and barren Rocky Mountains. The trip was and so difficult that they were reduced to eating tallow candles to survive. When they descended into the more than temperate regions on the other side, Sacagawea helped to observe and melt camas roots to assistance the political party members regain their force.

Equally the trek approached the mouth of the Columbia River on the Pacific Coast, Sacagawea gave up her beaded chugalug to enable the captains to trade for a fur robe they wished to bring back to give to President Thomas Jefferson.

Clark's journal entry for November 20, 1805, reads:[12]

i of the Indians had on a roab made of 2 Body of water Otter Skins the fur of them were more butifull than whatsoever fur I had ever Seen both Capt. Lewis & my Self endeavored to purchase the roab with different articles at length nosotros precured information technology for a belt of blue beeds which the Squar—married woman of our interpreter Shabono wore around her waste.… [sic]

Lewis and Clark on the Lower Columbia by Charles Marion Russell. A painting of the Trek depicting Sacagawea with arms outstretched.

When the corps reached the Pacific Ocean, all members of the expedition—including Sacagawea and Clark's black manservant York—voted on November 24 on the location for building their winter fort. In Jan, when a whale'south carcass washed up onto the embankment south of Fort Clatsop, Sacagawea insisted on her right to go run across this "monstrous fish."

On the return trip, they approached the Rocky Mountains in July 1806. On July 6, Clark recorded:

The Indian woman informed me that she had been in this obviously frequently and knew information technology well.… She said we would observe a gap in the mountains in our direction [i.e., present-day Gibbons Pass].

A week later, on July 13, Sacagawea brash Clark to cross into the Yellowstone River bowl at what is at present known as Bozeman Laissez passer. Later, this was called as the optimal route for the Northern Pacific Railway to cross the continental divide.

While Sacagawea has been depicted as a guide for the trek,[13] she is recorded as providing direction in only a few instances. Her work as an interpreter certainly helped the political party to negotiate with the Shoshone. But, her greatest value to the mission may take been her presence during the arduous journey, equally having a woman and babe accompany them demonstrated the peaceful intent of the expedition. While traveling through what is now Franklin Canton, Washington, in October 1805, Clark noted that "the married woman of Shabono [Charbonneau] our interpreter, we find reconciles all the Indians, as to our friendly intentions a woman with a party of men is a token of peace."[14] Further he wrote that she "confirmed those people of our friendly intentions, as no woman ever accompanies a war party of Indians in this quarter" [sic].[15]

As Clark traveled downriver from Fort Mandan at the cease of the journey, on lath the pirogue nearly the Ricara Village, he wrote to Charbonneau:[xvi]

You lot have been a long time with me and conducted your Cocky in Such a manner every bit to gain my friendship, your woman who accompanied you that long dangerous and fatigueing rout to the Pacific Ocian and back diserved a greater reward for her attention and services on that rout than we had in our ability to requite her at the Mandans. As to your little Son (my male child Pomp) you well know my fondness of him and my anxiety to accept him and enhance him as my own kid.… If yous are desposed to have either of my offers to you and volition bring down you lot Son your famn [femme, woman] Janey had all-time come up along with yous to accept care of the boy untill I get him.… Wishing you lot and your family bang-up success & with anxious expectations of seeing my petty danceing boy Baptiest I shall remain your Friend, William Clark. [sic]

—Clark to Charbonneau, August xx, 1806

Later on life and decease

Children

Following the expedition, Charbonneau and Sacagawea spent three years among the Hidatsa before accepting William Clark'southward invitation to settle in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1809. They entrusted Jean-Baptiste's education to Clark, who enrolled the young man in the Saint Louis Academy boarding school.[17] [18] Sacagawea gave nascency to a daughter, Lizette Charbonneau, nearly 1812.[eighteen] Lizette was identified as a year-former girl in adoption papers in 1813 recognizing William Clark, who also adopted her older brother that year.[nineteen] Considering Clark's papers brand no later mention of Lizette, information technology is believed that she died in childhood.

Death

According to Bonnie "Spirit Wind-Walker" Butterfield (2010), historical documents suggest that Sacagawea died in 1812 of an unknown sickness.[18] For case, a journal entry from 1811 by Henry Brackenridge, a fur trader at Fort Lisa Trading Post on the Missouri River, wrote that Sacagawea and Charbonneau were living at the fort.[eighteen] Brackenridge recorded that Sacagawea "had get sickly and longed to revisit her native country."[20] Butterfield notes that in 1812, a Fort-Lisa clerk, John Luttig, recorded in his journal on Dec 20 that "the wife of Charbonneau, a Snake Squaw [i.east. Shoshone], died of putrid fever."[20] He said that she was "aged about 25 years. She left a fine infant girl."[eighteen] Documents held by Clark show that Charbonneau had already entrusted their son Baptiste to Clark's treat a boarding school pedagogy, at Clark'due south insistence (Jackson, 1962).[eighteen]

In Feb 1813, a few months after Luttig's journal entry, fifteen men were killed in a Native set on on Fort Lisa, which was then located at the mouth of the Bighorn River.[20] Luttig and Sacagawea's young daughter were among the survivors. Charbonneau was mistakenly thought to accept been killed at this time, just he apparently lived to at least historic period 76. He had signed over formal custody of his son to William Clark in 1813.[21]

As further proof that Sacagawea died in 1812, Butterfield writes:[18]

An adoption document fabricated in the Orphans Courtroom Records in St. Louis, Missouri, states,[nineteen] 'On August 11, 1813, William Clark became the guardian of Tousant Charbonneau, a boy about ten years, and Lizette Charbonneau, a girl near one yr erstwhile.' For a Missouri State Court at the fourth dimension, to designate a child every bit orphaned and to allow an adoption, both parents had to be confirmed dead in court papers.

The last recorded certificate referring to Sacagawea's life appears in William Clark's original notes written between 1825 and 1826.[eighteen] He lists the names of each of the expedition members and their last known whereabouts. For Sacagawea, he writes, "Se car ja we au— Dead."[17]

Some Native American oral traditions relate that, rather than dying in 1812, Sacagawea left her husband Charbonneau, crossed the Keen Plains, and married into a Comanche tribe.[22] She was said to have returned to the Shoshone in 1860 in Wyoming, where she died in 1884.[22]

Jean Baptiste Charbonneau

Sacagawea's son, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, had a restless and adventurous life. Known as the infant who, with his female parent, accompanied the explorers to the Pacific Body of water and back, he had lifelong celebrity status. At the historic period of 18, he was befriended by a German Prince, Duke Paul Wilhelm of Württemberg, who took him to Europe. At that place, Jean Baptiste lived for six years amid royalty, while learning four languages and fathering a child in Germany named Anton Fries.[23]

After his babe son died, Jean Baptiste returned from Europe in 1829 to the United States. He lived after that as a Western frontiersman. In 1846, he led a group of Mormons to California for the golden blitz. While in California, he was appointed as a magistrate for the Mission San Luis Rey. He disliked the way Indians were treated in the missions and left to become a hotel clerk in Auburn, California, once the center of gilt blitz action.[xviii]

After working six years in Auburn, Jean Baptiste left in search of riches in the gilt mines of Montana. He was 61 years old, and the trip was besides much for him. He became ill with pneumonia and died in a remote surface area near Danner, Oregon, on May 16, 1866.[18]

Burial place

The question of Sacagawea's burial place caught the attention of national suffragists seeking voting rights for women, according to author Raymond Wilson.[24] Wilson argues that Sacagawea became a office model whom suffragists pointed to "with pride". She received even more attention in the 1930s, subsequently publication of a history novel about her.[24]

Wilson notes:[24]

Interest in Sacajawea peaked and controversy intensified when Dr. Grace Raymond Hebard, professor of political economy at the Academy of Wyoming in Laramie and an active supporter of the Nineteenth Subpoena, campaigned for federal legislation to cock an edifice honoring Sacajawea'southward death in 1884.

Marker of Sacajawea's assumed grave, Fort Washakie, Wyoming

An business relationship of the expedition published in May 1919 noted that "A sculptor, Mr. Bruno Zimm, seeking a model for a statue of Sacagawea that was later erected at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, discovered a tape of the airplane pilot-woman's death in 1884 (when ninety-five years old) on the Shoshone Reservation, Wyoming, and her wind-swept grave."[25]

In 1925, Dr. Charles Eastman, a Dakota Sioux medico, was hired by the Bureau of Indian Diplomacy to locate Sacagawea's remains.[26] Eastman visited various Native American tribes to interview elders who might accept known or heard of Sacagawea. He learned of a Shoshone woman at the Wind River Reservation with the Comanche proper noun Porivo ('chief woman'). Some of those he interviewed said that she spoke of a long journey wherein she had helped white men, and that she had a silver Jefferson peace medal of the type carried past the Lewis and Clark Expedition. He found a Comanche adult female named Tacutine who said that Porivo was her grandmother. According to Tacutine, Porivo had married into a Comanche tribe and had a number of children, including Tacutine's begetter, Ticannaf. Porivo left the tribe after her husband, Jerk-Meat, was killed.[26]

Co-ordinate to these narratives, Porivo lived for some fourth dimension at Fort Bridger in Wyoming with her sons Bazil and Baptiste, who each knew several languages, including English and French. Somewhen, she returned to the Lemhi Shoshone at the Current of air River Reservation, where she was recorded every bit "Bazil's mother."[26] This adult female, Porivo, is believed to accept died on Apr 9, 1884.[27]

Eastman concluded that Porivo was Sacagawea.[28] In 1963, a monument to "Sacajawea of the Shoshonis" was erected at Fort Washakie on the Wind River reservation near Lander, Wyoming, on the ground of this claim.[29]

The belief that Sacagawea lived to old age and died in Wyoming was widely disseminated in the Usa through Sacajawea (1933), a biography written by historian Grace Raymond Hebard, a University of Wyoming professor, based on her thirty years of research.[30]

Mickelson recounts the findings of Thomas H. Johnson, who argues in his Also Called Sacajawea: Chief Woman's Stolen Identity (2007) that Hebard identified the wrong woman when she relied upon oral history that an old woman who died and is buried on the Wyoming Wind River Reservation was Sacajawea. Critics have also questioned Hebard's work[30] considering she portrayed Sacajawea in a mode described as "undeniably long on romance and short on hard evidence, suffering from a sentimentalization of Indian culture."[31]

Name

A long-running controversy has related to the correct spelling, pronunciation, and etymology of the Shoshone woman's name. Linguists working on Hidatsa since the 1870s have always considered the name'due south Hidatsa etymology essentially indisputable. The name is a chemical compound of two common Hidatsa nouns: cagáàga ( [tsakáàka], 'bird') and míà ( [míà], 'woman'). The chemical compound is written as Cagáàgawia ('Bird Woman') in modernistic Hidatsa orthography, and pronounced [tsakáàkawia] (/1000/ is pronounced [w] between vowels in Hidatsa). The double /aa/ in the proper name indicates a long vowel, while the diacritics propose a falling pitch pattern.

Hidatsa is a pitch-accent language that does not accept stress; therefore, in the Hidatsa pronunciation all syllables in [tsaɡáàɡawia] are pronounced with roughly the aforementioned relative emphasis. However, most English language speakers perceive the absolute syllable (the long /aa/) as stressed. In true-blue rendering of Cagáàgawia to other languages, it is advisable to emphasize the 2nd, long syllable, rather than the last, as is common in English language.[32]

The name has several spelling traditions in English. The origin of each tradition is described in the following sections.

Sacagawea

Sacagawea is the most widely used spelling of her proper noun, pronounced with a hard "g" sound (), rather than a soft "g" or "j" audio (). Lewis and Clark'southward original journals mention Sacagawea by name seventeen times, spelled eight unlike ways, all with a "g". Clark used Sahkahgarwea, Sahcahgagwea, Sarcargahwea, and Sahcahgahweah, while Lewis used Sahcahgahwea, Sahcahgarweah, Sahcargarweah, and Sahcahgar Wea.

The spelling Sacagawea was established in 1910 by the Bureau of American Ethnology every bit the proper usage in government documents. It would be the spelling adopted by the U.S. Mint for use with the dollar coin, as well equally the U.Due south. Board on Geographic Names and the National Park Service. The spelling is also used by numerous historical scholars.[33]

Sakakawea

Sakakawea () is the next most widely-adopted spelling, and is the most-oftentimes accepted amidst specialists.[34] Proponents say the name comes from the Hidatsa tsakáka wía ('bird adult female').[35] [36] Charbonneau told expedition members that his wife's name meant "Bird Adult female," and in May 1805 Lewis used the Hidatsa meaning in his journal:

[A] handsome river of about 50 yards in width discharged itself into the shell river… [T]his stream nosotros called Sah-ca-gah-nosotros-ah or bird adult female'south River, afterwards our interpreter the Snake woman.

Sakakawea is the official spelling of her name according to the Three Affiliated Tribes, which include the Hidatsa. This spelling is widely used throughout North Dakota (where she is considered a state heroine), notably in the naming of Lake Sakakawea, the extensive reservoir of Garrison Dam on the Missouri River.

The Due north Dakota State Historical Society quotes Russell Reid'south 1986 book Sakakawea: The Bird Woman:[37]

Her Hidatsa name, which Charbonneau stated meant "Bird Adult female," should be spelled "Tsakakawias" according to the foremost Hidatsa language authority, Dr. Washington Matthews. When this proper name is anglicized for easy pronunciation, it becomes Sakakawea, "Sakaka" pregnant "bird" and "wea" meaning "woman." This is the spelling adopted past Due north Dakota. The spelling authorized for the use of federal agencies by the United states Geographic Board is Sacagawea. Although not closely following Hidatsa spelling, the pronunciation is quite like and the Geographic Lath acknowledged the proper name to be a Hidatsa word meaning "Bird Woman.

Irving W. Anderson, president of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, says:[9]

[T]he Sakakawea spelling similarly is not found in the Lewis and Clark journals. To the contrary, this spelling traces its origin neither through a personal connection with her nor in any primary literature of the expedition. It has been independently synthetic from two Hidatsa Indian words institute in the dictionary Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians (1877), published by the Government Printing Function.[38] Compiled by a U.s. Army surgeon, Dr. Washington Matthews, 65 years following Sacagawea'south death, the words appear verbatim in the dictionary equally "tsa-ka-ka, noun; a bird," and "mia [wia, bia], noun; a woman.

Sacajawea

The name Sacajawea or Sacajewea (), in contrast to the Hidatsa etymology, is said to take derived from Shoshone Saca-tzaw-meah, pregnant 'gunkhole puller' or 'boat launcher'.[9] It is the preferred spelling used by the Lemhi Shoshone people, some of whom merits that her Hidatsa captors transliterated her Shoshone name in their ain language, and pronounced it according to their own dialect.[39] That is, they heard a proper name that approximated tsakaka and wia, and interpreted information technology as 'bird woman', substituting their hard "g/k" pronunciation for the softer "tz/j" sound that did not exist in the Hidatsa language.[39]

The use of this spelling almost certainly originated with Nicholas Biddle, who used the "j" when he annotated the journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition for publication in 1814. This use became more widespread with the publication in 1902 of Eva Emery Dye'southward novel The Conquest: The True Story of Lewis and Clark. It is likely that Dye used Biddle's secondary source for the spelling, and her highly popular book made this version ubiquitous throughout the United States (previously nearly not-scholars had never fifty-fifty heard of Sacagawea).[forty]

Rozina George, swell-great-bang-up-neat-granddaughter of Cameahwait, says the Agaidika tribe of Lemhi Shoshone practice not recognize the spelling or pronunciation Sacagawea. Schools named in the interpreter'south accolade and other memorials erected in the expanse surrounding her birthplace use the spelling Sacajawea:[41]

The Lemhi Shoshone call her Sacajawea. It is derived from the Shoshone word for her name, Saca tzah we yaa. In his Cash Volume, William Clark spells Sacajawea with a "J". Also, William Clark and Individual George Shannon explained to Nicholas Biddle (Published the start Lewis and Clark Journals in 1814) about the pronunciation of her proper noun and how the tz sounds more similar a "j". What meliorate authority on the pronunciation of her name than Clark and Shannon who traveled with her and constantly heard the pronunciation of her name? We exercise not believe information technology is a Minnetaree (Hidatsa) word for her name. Sacajawea was a Lemhi Shoshone non a Hidatsa.

Idaho native John Rees explored the 'boat launcher' etymology in a long letter to the U.S. Commissioner of Indian Diplomacy written in the 1920s.[9] It was republished in 1970 past the Lemhi County Historical Society as a pamphlet entitled "Madame Charbonneau" and contains many of the arguments in favor of the Shoshone derivation of the proper noun.[39] [9]

The spelling Sacajawea, although widely taught until the late 20th century, is generally considered wrong in modern academia. Linguistics professor Dr. Sven Liljeblad from the Idaho State Academy in Pocatello has concluded that "information technology is unlikely that Sacajawea is a Shoshoni give-and-take.… The term for 'boat' in Shoshoni is saiki, simply the remainder of the alleged chemical compound would be incomprehensible to a native speaker of Shoshoni."[9] The spelling has subsided from full general utilise, although the corresponding "soft j" pronunciation persists in American civilisation.

In popular culture

Some fictional accounts speculate that Sacagawea was romantically involved with Lewis or Clark during their expedition.[ which? ] Just, while the journals show that she was friendly with Clark and would oft practice favors for him, the idea of a romantic liaison was created by novelists who wrote much afterwards about the trek. This fiction was perpetuated in the Western film The Far Horizons (1955).

Movie and tv

Several movies, both documentaries and fiction, take been made well-nigh, or featuring, Sacagawea:[42]

  • The Far Horizons (1955) – played by Donna Reed
  • Lewis & Clark: Great Journey West (2002) – played by Alex Rice
  • Jefferson'due south West (2003) – played past Cedar Henry
  • Journey of Sacagawea (2004)
  • Neb and Meriwether's Fantabulous Adventure (2006) – played by Crystal Lysne
  • Dark at the Museum (2006) – played past Mizuo Peck
  • The Spirit of Sacajawea (2007)
  • Night at the Museum 2: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009) – played by Mizuo Peck
  • Night at the Museum: Hugger-mugger of the Tomb (2014) – played by Mizuo Peck

In 1967, the extra Victoria Vetri, under the name Angela Dorian, played Sacajawea in the episode "The Daughter Who Walked the West" of the syndicated boob tube series, Death Valley Days.[43]

Literature

Two early twentieth-century novels shaped much of the public perception of Sacagawea. The Conquest: The True Story of Lewis and Clark (1902), was written by American suffragist Eva Emery Dye and published in anticipation of the expedition's centennial.[44] The National American Woman Suffrage Clan embraced her as a female person hero, and numerous stories and essays almost her were published in ladies' journals. A few decades afterwards, Grace Raymond Hebard published Sacajawea: Guide and Interpreter of Lewis and Clark (1933) to fifty-fifty greater success.[13]

Sacagawea has since become a popular effigy in historical and young adult novels. In her novel Sacajawea (1984), Anna Lee Waldo explored the story of Sacajawea's returning to Wyoming 50 years after her departure. The author was well aware of the historical research supporting an 1812 death, just she chose to explore the oral tradition.

Music and theatre

  • In Philip Glass's "Piano Concerto No. two subsequently Lewis & Clark", the second movement is entitled "Sacagawea".
  • Sacagawea is mentioned in the School Rock vocal "Elbow Room" as the guide for Lewis and Clark.[45]
  • Sacagewea is referenced in Stevie Wonder's vocal "Blackness Human" from the album Songs in the Central of Life (1976).
  • Tingstad & Rumbel's 1988 album Legends includes a piece entitled "Sacajawea".[46]
  • Sacagawea is the name of a musical by Craig Bohmler and Mary Bracken Phillips. It was commissioned by the Willows Theatre Company in northern California and premiered at the annual John Muir Festival in the summer of 2008 at the Alhambra Performing Arts Center in Martinez.[47] [48] [49] [50]
  • In 2010, Italian pianist and composer Alessandra Celletti released Sketches of Sacagawea, a express-edition tribute box fix with an album and accompanying book, on Al-Kemi Lab.[51]

Other media

The Dinner Political party, an artwork installation past feminist artist Judy Chicago, features a place setting for Sacagawea in Wing Three, part of American Revolution to the Women's Revolution.[52]

The starting time episode of the history podcast, The Broadsides, includes discussion of Sacagawea and her accomplishments during the Lewis and Clark Expedition.[53]

Memorials and honors

The Sacajawea Interpretive, Cultural, and Educational Center, located in Salmon, Idaho, past the rivers and mountains of Sacajawea's homeland. It contains a pocket-size museum and souvenir shop, in a 71-acre (290,000 m2) park. It is "owned and operated by the Metropolis of Salmon, in partnership with the Bureau of Land Management, Idaho Governor'south Lewis & Clark Trail Commission, Salmon-Challis National Forest, Idaho Department of Fish & Game, and numerous non-profit and volunteer organizations."[54]

Sacagawea was an of import member of the Lewis and Clark Trek. The National American Woman Suffrage Association of the early on 20th century adopted her equally a symbol of women's worth and independence, erecting several statues and plaques in her retention, and doing much to spread the story of her accomplishments.[5]

In 1959, Sacagawea was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.[ii] In 1976, she was inducted into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame in Fort Worth, Texas.[3] In 2001, she was given the title of Honorary Sergeant, Regular Regular army, by President Bill Clinton.[55] In 2003, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[4]

The USS Sacagawea is one of several United states of america ships named in her laurels.

Coinage

In 2000, the U.s.a. Mint issued the Sacagawea dollar coin in her honor, depicting Sacagawea and her son, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau. Because no gimmicky prototype of Sacagawea exists, the face up on the money was modeled on a modern Shoshone-Bannock woman, Randy'50 He-dow Teton. The portrait design is unusual, equally the copyrights have been assigned to and are owned by the U.S. Mint. The portrait is non in the public domain, as most U.s. money designs are.[56]

Geography and parks

  • Lake Sakakawea in Northward Dakota
  • Sacajawea Memorial Area, at Lemhi Pass, a National Celebrated Landmark managed by the National Wood Service and located on the boundary of Montana and Idaho, where visitors can hike the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail. The Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) created the memorial area in 1932 to honor Sacajawea for her function in the success of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.[22]
  • Mount Sacagawea, Fremont County, Wyoming, and the associated Sacagawea Glacier
  • Sacagawea Heritage Trail, a bicycle trail in Tri-Cities, Washington
  • Sacajawea Patera, a caldera on the planet Venus
  • Sacajawea Peak
    • Wallowa County, Oregon
    • Sacagawea Park, Gallatin County, Montana
    • Custer Canton, Idaho
  • Sacagawea River in Montana
  • Sacajawea State Park in Pasco, Washington

Sculpture

  • Astoria, Oregon — Sacagawea and Babe by Jim Demetro: a life-size bronze statue of Sacagawea and Jean-Baptiste, located at the Clatsop National Memorial, Netul Landing in Lewis and Clark National Historical Park, outside the company centre.[22]
  • Bismarck, North Dakota — by Leonard Crunelle (1910): depicted with baby Pomp, located on the grounds of the North Dakota State Capitol. In 2003, the state gave a replica to the National Statuary Hall Collection in the U.Southward. Capitol Visitor Center.[57]
  • Boise, Idaho: installed in front of the Idaho History Museum in July 2003.
  • Charlottesville, Virginia — monument was removed by the city on July 10, 2021; titled Their First View of the Pacific by Charles Keck (1919). It was a statue of Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and Sacagawea. The Charlottesville City Quango voted in November 2019 to remove the statue from its location, a conclusion "cheered past the local Native American tribe, the Monacan Indian Nation, and descendants of Sacagawea's family in Idaho. They said the statue presented a weak and servile image of Sacagawea, who was rather an essential guide and interpreter for Lewis and Clark."[58]
  • Cheney, Washington — by Harold Balazs (1960): a statue of Sacagawea is displayed in the rose garden in front of the President'southward Business firm at Eastern Washington University.
  • Cody, Wyoming — by Harry Jackson (1980): painted bronze, 114 inches, the statue is located in the Greever Cashman Garden at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center
  • Cody, Wyoming — past Richard Five. Greeves (2005): Statuary, 72 inches, the sculpture is in the Robbie Confab Garden at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center.
  • Fort Benton, Montana — by Robert Scriver: a sculpture of Sacagawea and her babe, and Captains Lewis and Clark, in the riverside sculpture park.
  • Fort Worth, Texas — by Glenna Goodacre (2001): Sacajawea statue exterior the National Cowgirl Hall of Fame.
  • Godfrey, Illinois — past Glenna Goodacre: at Lewis and Clark Community College; by the same artist who designed the prototype on the Sacagawea dollar
  • Great Falls, Montana — "Explorers at the Portage", by Robert Scriver, contains a statuary 3/4 scale statue of Sacagawea, her babe Jean-Baptiste, Lewis, Clark, African American York, and the Newfoundland dog Seaman, at the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Interpretative Center. An earlier cersion of this piece, in Overlook Park in Great Falls, omits Sacajawea.
  • Kansas City, Missouri — Corps of Discovery Monument by Eugene L. Daub (2000): includes life-size figures of Sacagawea and Jean-Baptiste, York, and Seaman on the bluff at Clark's Point overlook (Instance Park, Quality Hill)[22] [59]
  • Lander, Wyoming: in local cemetery, 14 miles West on U.Southward. 287, and then two miles W (after a turn); turnoff about iii miles South of Fort Washakie; at that place is a tall statue of Sacagawea (six ft) with tombstones downhill of her, husband, and two children; there besides is a monument on site.
  • Lewiston, Idaho: multiple statues, including one along the main approach to the city.
  • Longview, Washington, a statue of Sacagawea and Jean-Baptiste was placed in Lake Sacajawea Park near the Hemlock St. footbridge in 2005.
  • Mobridge, Due south Dakota — The Sacagawea Monument: an obelisk erected at the supposed site of her death, which honors Sacagawea as a member of the Shoshone tribe and for her contribution to the Corps of Discovery trek; the associated marker "dates her death as Dec xx, 1812 and states that her body must be cached somewhere near the site of erstwhile Fort Manuel located 30 miles north of the marker."[22]
  • Portland, Oregon — past Alice Cooper (1905): Sacajawea and Jean-Baptiste was unveiled July vi, 1905 and moved to Washington Park, April six, 1906.[lx]
  • Portland, Oregon — by Glenna Goodacre: located at Lewis & Clark College, permanently installed on September v, 2004/[61]
  • Richland, Washington — by Tom McClelland (2008)[62]
  • St. Louis, Missouri — by Harry Weber (2002): a statue of Sacagawea with her babe in a cradle lath is included in the diorama of the Lewis & Clark expedition that is on display in the lobby of the St. Louis Drury Plaza Hotel, located in the historical International Fur Exchange building.[63]
  • Iii Forks, Montana, in Sacajawea Park — Coming Home by Mary Michael: statue honoring Sacagawea, congenital in the area where she was abducted equally a immature girl and taken to Mandan lands.[22]
  • Wind River Indian Reservation, Wyoming: Co-ordinate to oral tradition, Sacagawea left her husband Toussaint Charbonneau and fled to Wyoming in the 1860s; her alleged burial site is located in the reservation's cemetery, with a gravestone inscription dating her death equally April nine, 1884, however, oral tradition also indicates a woman named Porivo (recorded as "Bazil'south female parent") occupies that grave.[22]

See also

  • Sacagawea's Nickname

Notes

  1. ^ Journal entries by Clark, Lewis, et al., are brief segments of "our nation's 'living history' legacy of documented exploration across our fledgling republic's pristine western frontier. It is a story written in inspired spelling and with an urgent sense of purpose past ordinary people who achieved boggling deeds."[9]
  2. ^ William Clark created the nickname "Janey" for Sacagawea, which he transcribed twice, November 24, 1805, in his periodical, and in a letter of the alphabet to Toussaint, August 20, 1806. It is thought that Clark'due south employ of "Janey" derived from "jane," colloquial army slang for "daughter."[9]

References

  1. ^ "Listen To Why You're Probably Pronouncing Sacagawea Wrong". St. Louis on the Air. St. Louis Public Radio. April 28, 2014.
  2. ^ a b "Hall of Great Westerners". National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum . Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Sacagawea." National Cowgirl Hall of Fame. 2017.
  4. ^ a b "Sacagawea / Sacajawea / Sakakawea | Women of the Hall." National Women's Hall of Fame. 2003. Seneca Falls, NY.
  5. ^ a b Fresonke, Kris, and Marking David Spence (2004). Lewis & Clark: Legacies, Memories, and New Perspectives. Academy of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-23822-0. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  6. ^ Buckley, Jay H. "Sacagawea." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2020.
  7. ^ a b Anderson, Irving W. 1999. "Sacagawea | Inside the Corps" (film website). Lewis & Clark. DC: PBS.org.
  8. ^ Clark, William. [1804] 2004. "November 4, 1804." The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Online, edited past K. E. Moulton, et al. Lincoln, NE: Eye for Digital Research in the Humanities and Academy of Nebraska Press. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d e f 1000 Anderson, Irving West. (Autumn 1999). "The Sacagawea Mystique: Her Historic period, Name, Role and Last Destiny". Columbia Magazine. 13 (iii). Archived from the original on February 11, 2008 – via washingtonhistory.org.
  10. ^ Lewis, Meriwether. [1805] 2004. "August 17, 1805." The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Online, edited by Yard. Eastward. Moulton, et al. Lincoln, NE: Center for Digital Research in the Humanities and Academy of Nebraska Printing. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  11. ^ Clark, William. [1805] 2004. "August 17, 1805." The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Trek Online, edited by Thou. E. Moulton, et al. Lincoln, NE: Center for Digital Research in the Humanities and Academy of Nebraska Press. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  12. ^ Clark, William. [1805] 2004. "Nov 20, 1805." The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Online, edited by M. E. Moulton, et al. Lincoln, NE: Centre for Digital Research in the Humanities and University of Nebraska Press. Archived from the original 2 February 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  13. ^ a b Hebard, Grace Raymond (2012) [1933]. Sacajawea: Guide and Interpreter of Lewis and Clark. Courier Corporation. ISBN9780486146362.
  14. ^ Clark, William. [1805] 2004. "Oct 13, 1805." The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Online, edited by Thousand. E. Moulton, et al. Lincoln, NE: Eye for Digital Research in the Humanities and University of Nebraska Printing. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  15. ^ Clark, William. [1805] 2004. "October 19, 1805." The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Online, edited by G. E. Moulton, et al. Lincoln, NE: Center for Digital Inquiry in the Humanities and University of Nebraska Press. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  16. ^ Kastor, Peter J., ed. 2003. "Sacagawea in master sources." American Indian Women. St. Louis: American Cultural Studies, Washington University. Archived from the original on 11 February 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  17. ^ a b Jackson, Donald, ed. 1962. Letters of the Lewis & Clark Trek With Related Documents: 1783-1854. Champaign, IL: Academy of Illinois Press.
  18. ^ a b c d eastward f yard h i j Butterfield, Bonnie (2010). "Sacagawea's Decease". Native Americans: The True Story of Sacagawea and Her People . Retrieved xix May 2020.
  19. ^ a b "Original Adoption Documents." St. Louis, Missouri: Orphans Courtroom Records. 11 August 1813.
  20. ^ a b c Drumm, Stella M., ed. 1920. Journal of a Fur-trading Expedition on the Upper Missouri: John Luttig, 1812–1813. St. Louis: Missouri Historical Lodge.
  21. ^ Worley, Ramona Cameron. 2011. Sacajawea 1788–1884: Examine the Evidence. Lander, WY. p. 17.
  22. ^ a b c d e f yard h "Historical Landmarks". Sacagawea-Biography.org.
  23. ^ Butterfield, Bonnie (Nov 28, 2011). "Sacagawea and Her Shoshone People". Native Americans: The True Story of Sacagawea and Her People . Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  24. ^ a b c Wilson, Raymond (1999). Ohiyesa: Charles Eastman, Santee Sioux. Academy of Illinois Press. ISBN978-0-252-06851-5.
  25. ^ Wood, Ruth Kedzie (1 May 1919). "The Lewis and Clark Trek". Mentor Clan, Incorporated. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  26. ^ a b c Clark, Ella Due east. & Edmonds, Margot (1983). Sacagawea of the Lewis and Clark Trek. Academy of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-05060-0.
  27. ^ Klein, Christopher (2018) [2012]. "Who's Buried in Sacagawea's Grave?". History Channel. A&Eastward Television receiver Networks. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  28. ^ "Wyoming History Twenty-four hour period Student Resource Skill-Building for Letter Writing". American Heritage Center. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming. Instructions. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  29. ^ "Lewis and Clark Trail". Lewis and Clark Trail. 2001-01-17. Retrieved 2012-02-13 .
  30. ^ a b Mickelson, Sandy. "Sacajawea legend may non exist correct." The Messenger (Fort Dodge, IA)
  31. ^ Scharff, Virginia. (1989) "The Independent and Feminine Life: Grace Raymond Hebard, 1861–1936." Pp. 127–45, in Lonely Voyagers: Academic Women in Coeducational Universities, 1870–1937, edited by One thousand. J. Clifford. New York: Feminist Press. ISBN 9780935312850.
  32. ^ Park, Indrek. 2012. Grammar of Hidatsa (Ph.D. dissertation). Bloomington: Indiana Academy. p. 36.
  33. ^ "Reading Lewis and Clark – Thomasma, Clark, and Edmonds" Archived 2006-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, Idaho Commission for Libraries
  34. ^ Koontz, John (ed.). "Etymology". Siouan Languages . Retrieved 2007-04-01 – via spot.colorado.edu.
  35. ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names in the United States. Norman, OK: Academy of Oklahoma Printing. p. 413.
  36. ^ Hartley, Alan H. (2002). "Sacagawea". Club for the Study of the Ethnic Languages of the Americas Newsletter. twenty (4): 12–13.
  37. ^ Reid, Russell (1986). Sakakawea: The Bird Adult female. Bismarck, South Dakota: State Historical Society of North Dakota. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. Retrieved 2007-12-12 .
  38. ^ Matthews, Washington, ed. (1877). Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians. Washington, DC: US Authorities Printing Office.
  39. ^ a b c Rees, John Eastward. [c. 1920s] 1970. "Madame Charbonneau" (extract). The Lemhi Canton Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  40. ^ "[The Lewis and Clark Expedition] merited less than a single paragraph in John Clark Ridpath'due south 691-page Pop History of the United states of America (1878).… Within 3 years of publication of Dye's novel, the first book devoted exclusively to Sacagawea, Katherine Chandler's The Bird-Woman of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, appeared every bit a supplementary reader for elementary schoolhouse students." [Chandler's book used the "Sacajawea" spelling.] Dippie, Brian W. "Sacagawea Imagery", Chief Washakie Foundation [ dead link ]
  41. ^ George, Rozina. "Agaidika Perspective on Sacajawea", Life Long Learning: The Lewis and Clark Rediscovery Project.
  42. ^ "Sacajawea (Character)". IMDb.
  43. ^ ""The Daughter Who Walked the West" on Death Valley Days". Net Movie Data Base. November iv, 1967. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
  44. ^ Dye, Eva Emery (1902). The Conquest: The True Story of Lewis and Clark.
  45. ^ "Schoolhouse Stone 'Elbow Room'". Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2012-02-xiii – via Youtube.com.
  46. ^ "Tingstad & Rumbel discography". tingstadrumbel.com.
  47. ^ Craig, Pat. 30 December 2007. "Tale of Sacagawea to premiere in July". Due east Bay Times.
  48. ^ Goldman, Justin. 28 May 2008. "Summer Hot List". Diablo Magazine.
  49. ^ Craig, Pat. iii Baronial 2008. "Willows Theatre presents Sacagawea, another theatrical chapter in Western history." Due east Bay Times.
  50. ^ "Willows Theatre Company Announces Summer Festival". BroadwayWorld. twenty May 2008.
  51. ^ "Alessandra Celetti: "Sketches of Sacagawea" (2010, Al-Kemi Lab)". distorsioni-information technology.blogspot.it. April 1, 2011.
  52. ^ "Sacajawea | Identify Settings." The Dinner Party. New York: Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 29 May 2020. See as well: Overview of the concept by Kay Keys 2007. Retrieved on 2015-08-06.
  53. ^ "Episode i: Sacajawea". The Broadsides – via itunes.apple.com.
  54. ^ "Sacajawea Interpretive, Cultural, and Educational Center". sacajaweacenter.org. Salmon, IA: Sacajawea Interpretive, Cultural & Educational Centre. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2012-02-13 .
  55. ^ "Sergeant Sacagawea". lewisandclarktrail.com. 2009-01-04. Retrieved 2012-02-thirteen .
  56. ^ "TERMS OF Utilize (06/11)". USMint.gov. Usa Mint, Agency of Engraving and Printing, Department of Treasury. Retrieved vi February 2016.
  57. ^ Biography and Photo of the Statue of Sacagawea, at the National Bronze Hall in Washington, DC
  58. ^ Heim, Joe (November 29, 2019). "Charlottesville votes to remove some other statue, and more controversy follows". Washington Post.
  59. ^ "Clark'southward Point, Instance Park". LewisandClarkTrail.com. 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2012-02-13 .
  60. ^ "Sacajawea and Jean-Baptiste", sculpted past Alice Cooper
  61. ^ "Sculpture of Sacagawea and Jean Baptiste". lclark.edu. Lewis & Clark College. 2004-09-05. Retrieved 2012-02-13 .
  62. ^ "Urban center of Richland Public Art Catalog". City of Richland. p. 19. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  63. ^ Weber, Harry. "'Tardily May 1805' diorama". nps.gov. US National Park Service.

External links

  • "Profile: Sacagawea", National Park Service
  • Museum of Human being Beings, a volume by Colin Sargent
  • Sacagawea – A Pioneer Interpreter at teck-translations.com
  • Lewis and Clark Expedition Maps and Receipt. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacagawea

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